Chapter 6 Skeletal System Main Terms Osteologyy Periosteumm Arthrology- Function Support to the body Protect vital organs Attachment point for ligaments Store mineral salts Store bone marrow Bone Composition Type of connective tissue 50 % water and 50 % solid matter Ossification starts before birth and continuities till maturity Bone Structure Compact Bone Tissue Cancellous Bone (spongy) Medullary Cavity Diaphysis Periosteum Epiphyses Bone Growth Controlled by a hormone secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Osteoclasts- Osteoblasts- Bone Classification Long, Flat, Short, and Irregular (Label the bones below in one of the four groups.) Pelvis Scapula Carpus Humerus Femur Inner Ear Sternum Vertebrae Axial Skeleton Skull Cranium and Facial Bones Skull protects senses. All skull bones are immovable except the mandible. The bones of the skull are united by sutures. Cranial Bones Frontal- forehead and eye sockets Parietal- two form the roof and upper part Occipital- back of the skull can be prominent in species like dogs Foramen Magnum- opening at the bottom for the passage of the spinal cord Temporal- two form the cranial floor Sphenoid- at the base and extends laterally to support parts of the orbit Ethmoid- in front of sphenoid but behind the nasal bones Facial Bones Maxilla Mandible Hyoid Bone U shaped Does not form a joint with any other bone It is suspended from the temporal bone The muscles of the tongue are attached here Vertebral Column Supports the skull and thorax, anchors the pelvis Five types of Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccygeal Ribs True Ribs- attached to the sternum by costal cartilage False Ribs- some are attached to the cartilage and some are not Floating Ribs- not attached to the cartilage Sternum Xiphod process Clavicle Most domestic animals do not have Appendicular Skeleton Different animals have different bones in the leg For example- canine have digits where horse are ungulates Forelimbs Clavicle- collarbone Scapula- shoulder blade Humerus- long bone from shoulder to elbow Ulna- caudal bone of the forelimb Radius- cranial bone of the forelimb Carpus- numerous irregularly shaped bones Metacarpal Hind Limbs Pelvis- the three bones are the ilium, ischium, pubis Femur-longest bone in the body, articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket) Patella- not the knee in quadrupeds Tibia- larger more weight bearing of the two leg bones Fibula-long, slender bone with the tibia (the horse has a small fibula) Tarsus- complies of numerous irregular shaped bones AKA Hock Metatarsals Joints Articulation between bone or bones and cartilage and held in place by ligaments Classified by the movement they permit and tissue structure Degree of Movement Synarthroses- no movement Amphiarthroses- slight movement Diarthoses- freely permit movement Tissue Structure Fibrous- (synarthroses) fibrous tissue that unites bones ie. skull Cartilaginous- (amphiarthoses) joints that contain cartilage Synovial- (diarthoses) most numerous Types of Joints Hinge- elbow Ball and Socket- hip Gliding- carpus Pivot- elbow Condyloid- canine stifle or human knee